Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy — Intraperitoneal Ropivacaine Nebulization for Pain Control After Laparoscopic Surgery
Citation(s)
Alkhamesi NA, Peck DH, Lomax D, Darzi AW Intraperitoneal aerosolization of bupivacaine reduces postoperative pain in laparoscopic surgery: a randomized prospective controlled double-blinded clinical trial. Surg Endosc. 2007 Apr;21(4):602-6. Epub 2006 Dec
Greib N, Schlotterbeck H, Dow WA, Joshi GP, Geny B, Diemunsch PA An evaluation of gas humidifying devices as a means of intraperitoneal local anesthetic administration for laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg. 2008 Aug;107(2):549-51. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318176fa1c.
Schlotterbeck H, Schaeffer R, Dow WA, Diemunsch P Cold nebulization used to prevent heat loss during laparoscopic surgery: an experimental study in pigs. Surg Endosc. 2008 Dec;22(12):2616-20. doi: 10.1007/s00464-008-9841-z. Epub 2008 Mar 18.
Peritoneal Nebulization of Ropivacaine for Postoperative Pain Control After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
