Labor Pain — Effects of Ambulation During First Stage of Labour on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes
Citation(s)
Bala, I , M. Babu, et al. Effectiveness of Back Massage versus Ambulation During First Stage of Labour among Primigravida Mothers in Terms of Pain and Anxiety. International Journal of Nursing Education 9(3): 28-32, 2017
Khresheh R, Homer C, Barclay L A comparison of labour and birth outcomes in Jordan with WHO guidelines: a descriptive study using a new birth record. Midwifery. 2009 Dec;25(6):e11-8. Epub 2007 Dec 26.
Lawrence A, Lewis L, Hofmeyr GJ, Styles C Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 9;(10):CD003934. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003934.pub4. Review.
Ministry of Health Health Indicators.http://www.moh.gov.jo/reports. Retrieved 30 September, 2017.
Miquelutti, M A., J. G. Cecatti, et al. The vertical position during labor: pain and satisfaction. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 9 (4): 393-398, 2009
Ondeck M Healthy birth practice #2: walk, move around, and change positions throughout labor. J Perinat Educ. 2014 Fall;23(4):188-93. doi: 10.1891/1058-1243.23.4.188.
Prabhakar, D , L. S. George, et al. Effectiveness of Ambulation during First Stage of Labour, on the Outcome of Labour among Primigravid Women in Selected Hospitals of Palakkad District, Kerala. International Journal of Nursing Education 7(1): 1-6,2015
Romano AM, Lothian JA Promoting, protecting, and supporting normal birth: a look at the evidence. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008 Jan-Feb;37(1):94-104; quiz 104-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00210.x. Review.
Savitha, V , S. Nayak, et al. Effect of Ambulation during First Stage of Labor on Labor Pain and Outcome of Labor among the Primigravida Mothers in a Selected Hospital Mangalore. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gyneacology 5(1): 1-3, 2013
Shaban IA, Hatamleh R, Khresheh R, Homer C Childbirth practices in Jordanian public hospitals: consistency with evidence-based maternity care? Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2011 Mar;9(1):25-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-1609.2010.00197.x.
Simkin P, Bolding A Update on nonpharmacologic approaches to relieve labor pain and prevent suffering. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2004 Nov-Dec;49(6):489-504. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
