Labor Pain — CSE v. Epidural for Postpartum Depression
Citation(s)
Boudou M, Teissèdre F, Walburg V, Chabrol H [Association between the intensity of childbirth pain and the intensity of postpartum blues]. Encephale. 2007 Oct;33(5):805-10. French.
Chapman C The Psychophysiology of Pain by C. Richard Chapman. In: Fishman S, Ballantyne J, Rathmell JP, editors. Bonica's Management of Pain. Fourth ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. p. 375
Davalos DB, Yadon CA, Tregellas HC Untreated prenatal maternal depression and the potential risks to offspring: a review. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2012 Feb;15(1):1-14. doi: 10.1007/s00737-011-0251-1. Epub 2012 Jan 4. Review.
Ding T, Wang DX, Qu Y, Chen Q, Zhu SN Epidural labor analgesia is associated with a decreased risk of postpartum depression: a prospective cohort study. Anesth Analg. 2014 Aug;119(2):383-92. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000107.
Eisenach JC, Pan PH, Smiley R, Lavand'homme P, Landau R, Houle TT Severity of acute pain after childbirth, but not type of delivery, predicts persistent pain and postpartum depression. Pain. 2008 Nov 15;140(1):87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.011. Epub 2008 Sep 24.
Gross KH, Wells CS, Radigan-Garcia A, Dietz PM Correlates of self-reports of being very depressed in the months after delivery: results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Matern Child Health J. 2002 Dec;6(4):247-53.
Hirst KP, Moutier CY Postpartum major depression. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Oct 15;82(8):926-33. Review.
Howard LM, Oram S, Galley H, Trevillion K, Feder G Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001452. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001452. Epub 2013 May 28. Review.
Lindahl V, Pearson JL, Colpe L Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005 Jun;8(2):77-87. Epub 2005 May 11. Review.
Logsdon MC, Wisner KL, Pinto-Foltz MD The impact of postpartum depression on mothering. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006 Sep-Oct;35(5):652-8. Review.
Melzack R The myth of painless childbirth (the John J. Bonica lecture). Pain. 1984 Aug;19(4):321-37. Review.
Murray L, Arteche A, Fearon P, Halligan S, Goodyer I, Cooper P Maternal postnatal depression and the development of depression in offspring up to 16 years of age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 May;50(5):460-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.02.001. Epub 2011 Apr 5.
O'Hara M, Swain A Rates and risk of postpartum depression-A meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1996;8:37-54
O'Hara MW, Wisner KL Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Jan;28(1):3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002. Epub 2013 Oct 7. Review.
Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004 Jul-Aug;26(4):289-95. Review.
Ross LE, McQueen K, Vigod S, Dennis CL Risk for postpartum depression associated with assisted reproductive technologies and multiple births: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Jan-Feb;17(1):96-106. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmq025. Epub 2010 Jul 6. Review.
Sanger C, Iles JE, Andrew CS, Ramchandani PG Associations between postnatal maternal depression and psychological outcomes in adolescent offspring: a systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015 Apr;18(2):147-162. doi: 10.1007/s00737-014-0463-2. Epub 2014 Oct 2. Review.
Schmidt RM, Wiemann CM, Rickert VI, Smith EO Moderate to severe depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers followed four years postpartum. J Adolesc Health. 2006 Jun;38(6):712-8.
Vigod SN, Villegas L, Dennis CL, Ross LE Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review. BJOG. 2010 Apr;117(5):540-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02493.x. Epub 2010 Jan 29. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.