Labor Pain — The Effect of Guided Imagery and Music Play on Labor Pain, Anxiety, and Birth Experience
Citation(s)
Biana CB, Cecagno D, Porto AR, Cecagno S, Marques VA, Soares MC Non-pharmacological therapies applied in pregnancy and labor: an integrative review. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2021 Apr 16;55:e03681. doi: 10.1590/S1980-220X2019019703681. eCollection 2021. English, Portuguese.
Kacar N, Ozcan Keser N Comparison of the effect of mechanical massage and warm mechanical massage application on perceived labor pain and childbirth experience: A randomized clinical trial. Eur J Midwifery. 2021 Feb 27;5:5. doi: 10.18332/ejm/132883. eCollection 2021.
Rantala A, Hakala M, Polkki T Women's perceptions of the pain assessment and non-pharmacological pain relief methods used during labor: A cross-sectional survey. Eur J Midwifery. 2022 Apr 13;6:21. doi: 10.18332/ejm/146136. eCollection 2022.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
