Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Cyna AM, Cuthbert A Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 21;5:CD000331. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4. Review.
Ashagrie HE, Fentie DY, Kassahun HG A review article on epidural analgesia for labor pain management: A systematic review. International Journal of Surgery Open. 2020;24:100-4.
Attanasio LB, McPherson ME, Kozhimannil KB Positive childbirth experiences in U.S. hospitals: a mixed methods analysis. Matern Child Health J. 2014 Jul;18(5):1280-90. doi: 10.1007/s10995-013-1363-1.
Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988 Dec;56(6):893-7.
Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review. 1988.
Dencker A, Bergqvist L, Berg M, Greenbrook JTV, Nilsson C, Lundgren I Measuring women's experiences of decision-making and aspects of midwifery support: a confirmatory factor analysis of the revised Childbirth Experience Questionnaire. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Apr 6;20(1):199. doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-02869-0.
Eyi EGY, Mollamahmutoglu L An analysis of the high cesarean section rates in Turkey by Robson classification. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021 Aug;34(16):2682-2692. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1670806. Epub 2019 Oct 1.
Frey DP, Bauer ME, Bell CL, Low LK, Hassett AL, Cassidy RB, Boyer KD, Sharar SR Virtual Reality Analgesia in Labor: The VRAIL Pilot Study-A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial Suggesting Benefit of Immersive Virtual Reality Analgesia in Unmedicated Laboring Women. Anesth Analg. 2019 Jun;128(6):e93-e96. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003649.
Fyneface-Ogan S, Mato CN, Anya SE Epidural anesthesia: views and outcomes of women in labor in a Nigerian hospital. Ann Afr Med. 2009 Oct-Dec;8(4):250-6. doi: 10.4103/1596-3519.59580.
Gau ML, Chang CY, Tian SH, Lin KC Effects of birth ball exercise on pain and self-efficacy during childbirth: a randomised controlled trial in Taiwan. Midwifery. 2011 Dec;27(6):e293-300. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2011.02.004. Epub 2011 Apr 3.
Hawkins JL Epidural analgesia for labor and delivery. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 22;362(16):1503-10. doi: 10.1056/NEJMct0909254. Review.
Jolles MW, de Vries M, Hollander MH, van Dillen J Prevalence, characteristics, and satisfaction of women with a birth plan in The Netherlands. Birth. 2019 Dec;46(4):686-692. doi: 10.1111/birt.12451. Epub 2019 Sep 16.
Karlström A, Nystedt A, Hildingsson I The meaning of a very positive birth experience: focus groups discussions with women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015 Oct 9;15:251. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0683-0.
Lazzerini M, Mariani I, Semenzato C, Valente EP Association between maternal satisfaction and other indicators of quality of care at childbirth: a cross-sectional study based on the WHO standards. BMJ Open. 2020 Sep 14;10(9):e037063. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037063.
Lee SL, Liu CY, Lu YY, Gau ML Efficacy of warm showers on labor pain and birth experiences during the first labor stage. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2013 Jan-Feb;42(1):19-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01424.x. Epub 2012 Nov 20.
Mosadeghi S, Reid MW, Martinez B, Rosen BT, Spiegel BM Feasibility of an Immersive Virtual Reality Intervention for Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Cohort Study. JMIR Ment Health. 2016 Jun 27;3(2):e28. doi: 10.2196/mental.5801.
Nanji JA, Carvalho B Pain management during labor and vaginal birth. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020 Aug;67:100-112. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.002. Epub 2020 Mar 7. Review.
Nieminen K, Stephansson O, Ryding EL Women's fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section--a cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(7):807-13. doi: 10.1080/00016340902998436.
Tulp MJ, Paech MJ Analgesia for childbirth: modern insights into an age-old challenge and the quest for an ideal approach. Pain Manag. 2014 Jan;4(1):69-78. doi: 10.2217/pmt.13.63. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.