Glattes RC, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Kim YJ, Rinella A, Edwards C 2nd Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity following long instrumented posterior spinal fusion: incidence, outcomes, and risk factor analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Jul 15;30(14):1643-9.
Hee HT, Yu ZR, Wong HK Comparison of segmental pedicle screw instrumentation versus anterior instrumentation in adolescent idiopathic thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Jun 15;32(14):1533-42.
Hollenbeck SM, Glattes RC, Asher MA, Lai SM, Burton DC The prevalence of increased proximal junctional flexion following posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Jul 1;33(15):1675-81. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817b5bea.
Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Glattes CR, Rhim S, Cheh G Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity after segmental posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion: minimum five-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Sep 15;33(20):2179-84. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817c0428.
Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Kim J, Cho SK Proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following segmental posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion: minimum 5-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Sep 15;30(18):2045-50.
Kim YJ, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Kim J, Cho SK, Cheh G, Yoon J Proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis after 3 different types of posterior segmental spinal instrumentation and fusions: incidence and risk factor analysis of 410 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Nov 15;32(24):2731-8.
Lee GA, Betz RR, Clements DH 3rd, Huss GK Proximal kyphosis after posterior spinal fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Apr 15;24(8):795-9.
Wang J, Zhao Y, Shen B, Wang C, Li M Risk factor analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Injury. 2010 Apr;41(4):415-20. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.01.001. Epub 2010 Jan 27.
Yang SH, Chen PQ Proximal kyphosis after short posterior fusion for thoracolumbar scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Jun;(411):152-8.
Proximal Junctional Kyphosis Following Long Instrumented Spinal Fusion: The Effect of Implant Selection
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
