Knee Osteoarthritis — Retro-walking in Knee Osteoarthritis
Citation(s)
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Chen ZH, Ye XL, Chen WJ, Chen GQ, Wu JT, Wu H, Xu XM Effectiveness of backward walking for people affected by stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Jul 2;99(27):e20731. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020731.
Gondhalekar GA, Deo MV Retrowalking as an adjunct to conventional treatment versus conventional treatment alone on pain and disability in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. N Am J Med Sci. 2013 Feb;5(2):108-12. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.107527.
Jeong HS, Lee SC, Jee H, Song JB, Chang HS, Lee SY Proprioceptive Training and Outcomes of Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Athl Train. 2019 Apr;54(4):418-428. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-329-17. Epub 2019 Apr 17. Review.
Effects of Retro-walking on Pain, Functional Disability and Performance in Knee Osteoarthritis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
