Knee Arthropathy — Comparison of Three Different Sitting Positions for Performing Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia
Citation(s)
Fisher KS, Arnholt AT, Douglas ME, Vandiver SL, Nguyen DH A randomized trial of the traditional sitting position versus the hamstring stretch position for labor epidural needle placement. Anesth Analg. 2009 Aug;109(2):532-4. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181ac
Soltani Mohammadi S, Hassani M, Marashi SM Comparing the squatting position and traditional sitting position for ease of spinal needle placement: a randomized clinical trial. Anesth Pain Med. 2014 Apr 5;4(2):e13969. doi: 10.5812/aapm.13969. eCollection 2
Soltani Mohammadi S, Piri M, Khajehnasiri A Comparing Three Different Modified Sitting Positions for Ease of Spinal Needle Insertion in Patients Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia. Anesth Pain Med. 2017 Oct 23;7(5):e55932. doi: 10.5812/aapm.55932. eCollection
Comparison of Three Different Sitting Positions for Performing Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
