Klippel-Feil Syndrome — Airway Management of Pediatric Patients With Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Citation(s)
Altay N, Yuce HH, Aydogan H, Dorterler ME Airway management in newborn with Klippel-Feil syndrome. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2016 Sep-Oct;66(5):551-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bjane.2014.03.006. Epub 2014 Apr 29.
Bakan M, Umutoglu T, Zengin SU, Topuz U The success of direct laryngoscopy in children with Klippel-Feil Syndrome. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015 Dec;81(12):1384-6. Epub 2015 Sep 18. No abstract available.
Hase Y, Kamekura N, Fujisawa T, Fukushima K Repeated anesthetic management for a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome. Anesth Prog. 2014 Fall;61(3):103-6. doi: 10.2344/0003-3006-61.3.103.
Hensinger RN, Lang JE, MacEwen GD Klippel-Feil syndrome; a constellation of associated anomalies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974 Sep;56(6):1246-53.
Khawaja OM, Reed JT, Shaefi S, Chitilian HV, Sandberg WS Crisis resource management of the airway in a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome, congenital deafness, and aortic dissection. Anesth Analg. 2009 Apr;108(4):1220-5. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181957d9b.
Raj D, Luginbuehl I Managing the difficult airway in the syndromic child. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain. 2015;15(1):7-13.
Samartzis DD, Herman J, Lubicky JP, Shen FH Classification of congenitally fused cervical patterns in Klippel-Feil patients: epidemiology and role in the development of cervical spine-related symptoms. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Oct 1;31(21):E798-804. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000239222.36505.46.
Stallmer ML, Vanaharam V, Mashour GA Congenital cervical spine fusion and airway management: a case series of Klippel-Feil syndrome. J Clin Anesth. 2008 Sep;20(6):447-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.04.009.
Airway Management of Pediatric Patients With Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
