Kidney Transplant — PGDT in Patients Undergoing Kidney Transplant
Citation(s)
Ameloot K, Palmers PJ, Malbrain ML The accuracy of noninvasive cardiac output and pressure measurements with finger cuff: a concise review. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015 Jun;21(3):232-9. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000198.
Biancofiore G, Cecconi M, Rocca GD A web-based Italian survey of current trends, habits and beliefs in hemodynamic monitoring and management. J Clin Monit Comput. 2015 Oct;29(5):635-42. doi: 10.1007/s10877-014-9646-7. Epub 2014 Dec 12.
Gomez-Izquierdo JC, Feldman LS, Carli F, Baldini G Meta-analysis of the effect of goal-directed therapy on bowel function after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2015 May;102(6):577-89. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9747. Epub 2015 Mar 11.
Hamilton MA, Cecconi M, Rhodes A A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high-risk surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2011 Jun;112(6):1392-402. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181eeaae5. Epub 2010 Oct 21.
Jhanji S, Thomas B, Ely A, Watson D, Hinds CJ, Pearse RM Mortality and utilisation of critical care resources amongst high-risk surgical patients in a large NHS trust. Anaesthesia. 2008 Jul;63(7):695-700. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05560.x. Epub 2008 May 16.
Sangkum L, Liu GL, Yu L, Yan H, Kaye AD, Liu H Minimally invasive or noninvasive cardiac output measurement: an update. J Anesth. 2016 Jun;30(3):461-80. doi: 10.1007/s00540-016-2154-9. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
van der Spoel AG, Voogel AJ, Folkers A, Boer C, Bouwman RA Comparison of noninvasive continuous arterial waveform analysis (Nexfin) with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography for monitoring of cardiac output. J Clin Anesth. 2012 Jun;24(4):304-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.09.008.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
