Kidney Stone — CT-Ultrasound Fusion in Guiding PCNL Puncture
Citation(s)
Da Rosa MR, Milot L, Sugar L, Vesprini D, Chung H, Loblaw A, Pond GR, Klotz L, Haider MA A prospective comparison of MRI-US fused targeted biopsy versus systematic ultrasound-guided biopsy for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer in patients on active surveillance. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015 Jan;41(1):220-5. doi: 10.1002/jmri.24710. Epub 2014 Jul 21.
Rizvi SAH, Hussain M, Askari SH, Hashmi A, Lal M, Zafar MN Surgical outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 3402 patients and results of stone analysis in 1559 patients. BJU Int. 2017 Nov;120(5):702-709. doi: 10.1111/bju.13848. Epub 2017 Apr 17.
Xu ZF, Xie XY, Kuang M, Liu GJ, Chen LD, Zheng YL, Lu MD Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors with ultrasound and CT fusion imaging guidance. J Clin Ultrasound. 2014 Jul-Aug;42(6):321-30. doi: 10.1002/jcu.22141. Epub 2014 Feb 25.
Accurate Positioning of CT-Ultrasound Fusion in PCNL Puncture Guidance
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
