Kidney Injury — Ketogenic Dietary Patterns in Young Adults and Kidney Health
Citation(s)
Bostock ECS, Kirkby KC, Taylor BV, Hawrelak JA Consumer Reports of "Keto Flu" Associated With the Ketogenic Diet. Front Nutr. 2020 Mar 13;7:20. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00020. eCollection 2020.
Buren J, Ericsson M, Damasceno NRT, Sjodin A A Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Increases LDL Cholesterol in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 2;13(3):814. doi: 10.3390/nu13030814.
Cao J, Lei S, Wang X, Cheng S The Effect of a Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet on Aerobic Capacity and Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021 Aug 23;13(8):2896. doi: 10.3390/nu13082896.
Mitchell NS, Scialla JJ, Yancy WS Jr Are low-carbohydrate diets safe in diabetic and nondiabetic chronic kidney disease? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020 Feb;1461(1):25-36. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13997. Epub 2019 Jan 15.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
