Kidney Diseases — China Kidney Patient Trials Network
Citation(s)
de Zeeuw D, Heerspink HJL, Jardine M, Perkovic V Renal trials in diabetes need a platform: time for a global approach? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 May;6(5):356-358. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30263-2. Epub 2017 Aug 7. No abstract available.
Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 23;351(13):1296-305. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa041031. Erratum In: N Engl J Med. 2008;18(4):4.
Luyckx VA, Tonelli M, Stanifer JW The global burden of kidney disease and the sustainable development goals. Bull World Health Organ. 2018 Jun 1;96(6):414-422D. doi: 10.2471/BLT.17.206441. Epub 2018 Apr 20.
McGrogan A, Franssen CF, de Vries CS The incidence of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide: a systematic review of the literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Feb;26(2):414-30. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq665. Epub 2010 Nov 10.
Strippoli GF, Craig JC, Schena FP The number, quality, and coverage of randomized controlled trials in nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Feb;15(2):411-9. doi: 10.1097/01.asn.0000100125.21491.46.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
