Burke E, Dobkin BH, Noser EA, Enney LA, Cramer SC Predictors and biomarkers of treatment gains in a clinical stroke trial targeting the lower extremity. Stroke. 2014 Aug;45(8):2379-84. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005436. Epub 2014 Jun 24.
Kahn LE, Lum PS, Rymer WZ, Reinkensmeyer DJ Robot-assisted movement training for the stroke-impaired arm: Does it matter what the robot does? J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006 Aug-Sep;43(5):619-30. Review.
Kerr AL, Cheng SY, Jones TA Experience-dependent neural plasticity in the adult damaged brain. J Commun Disord. 2011 Sep-Oct;44(5):538-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.04.011. Epub 2011 May 6. Review.
Kim HY, Shin JH, Yang SP, Shin MA, Lee SH Robot-assisted gait training for balance and lower extremity function in patients with infratentorial stroke: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2019 Jul 29;16(1):99. doi: 10.1186/s12984-019-0553-5.
Kleim JA, Barbay S, Nudo RJ Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Dec;80(6):3321-5.
Kwakkel G, Kollen B, Lindeman E Understanding the pattern of functional recovery after stroke: facts and theories. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004;22(3-5):281-99. Review.
Leonard G, Lapierre Y, Chen JK, Wardini R, Crane J, Ptito A Noninvasive tongue stimulation combined with intensive cognitive and physical rehabilitation induces neuroplastic changes in patients with multiple sclerosis: A multimodal neuroimaging study. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2017 Feb 1;3(1):2055217317690561. doi: 10.1177/2055217317690561. eCollection 2017 Jan-Mar.
Mehrholz J, Thomas S, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M, Elsner B Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 10;5:CD006185. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006185.pub4. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 22;10:CD006185.
Middleton A, Fritz SL, Lusardi M Walking speed: the functional vital sign. J Aging Phys Act. 2015 Apr;23(2):314-22. doi: 10.1123/japa.2013-0236. Epub 2014 May 2. Review.
Norrving B, Kissela B The global burden of stroke and need for a continuum of care. Neurology. 2013 Jan 15;80(3 Suppl 2):S5-12. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182762397. Review.
Nudo RJ Recovery after brain injury: mechanisms and principles. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 Dec 24;7:887. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00887. Review.
Richards JD, Pramanik A, Sykes L, Pomeroy VM A comparison of knee kinematic characteristics of stroke patients and age-matched healthy volunteers. Clin Rehabil. 2003 Aug;17(5):565-71.
Smith MC, Barber PA, Stinear CM The TWIST Algorithm Predicts Time to Walking Independently After Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2017 Oct-Nov;31(10-11):955-964. doi: 10.1177/1545968317736820. Epub 2017 Nov 1.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.