Ischemic Stroke — Intracranial Artery Stenosis Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Aetiology and Progression
Citation(s)
Ahn SH, Lee J, Kim YJ, Kwon SU, Lee D, Jung SC, Kang DW, Kim JS Isolated MCA disease in patients without significant atherosclerotic risk factors: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study. Stroke. 2015 Mar;46(3):697-703. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.008181. Epub 2015 Jan 27. Erratum in: Stroke. 2015 Sep;46(9):e222.
Choi YJ, Jung SC, Lee DH Vessel Wall Imaging of the Intracranial and Cervical Carotid Arteries. J Stroke. 2015 Sep;17(3):238-55. doi: 10.5853/jos.2015.17.3.238. Epub 2015 Sep 30. Review.
Gorelick PB, Wong KS, Bae HJ, Pandey DK Large artery intracranial occlusive disease: a large worldwide burden but a relatively neglected frontier. Stroke. 2008 Aug;39(8):2396-9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.505776. Epub 2008 Jun 5. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
