Al-Ali F, Elias JJ, Filipkowski DE, Faber JE Acute ischemic stroke treatment, part 1: patient selection "the 50% barrier and the capillary index score". Front Neurol. 2015 Apr 22;6:83. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00083. eCollection 2015. Review.
Al-Ali F, Elias JJ, Filipkowski DE Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment, Part 2: Treatment "Roles of Capillary Index Score, Revascularization and Time". Front Neurol. 2015 Jun 1;6:117. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00117. eCollection 2015. Review.
Al-Ali F, Elias JJ, Tomsick TA, Liebeskind DS, Broderick JP; IMS Study Groups Relative Influence of Capillary Index Score, Revascularization, and Time on Stroke Outcomes From the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial. Stroke. 2015 Jun;46(6):1590-4. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009066. Epub 2015 May 7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
