Dusick JR, Gonzalez NR, Martin NA Clinical and angiographic outcomes from indirect revascularization surgery for Moyamoya disease in adults and children: a review of 63 procedures. Neurosurgery. 2011 Jan;68(1):34-43; discussion 43. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181fc5ec2. Review.
Dusick JR, Liebeskind DS, Saver JL, Martin NA, Gonzalez NR Indirect revascularization for nonmoyamoya intracranial arterial stenoses: clinical and angiographic outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2012 Jul;117(1):94-102. doi: 10.3171/2012.4.JNS111103. Epub 2012 May 4.
Gonzalez NR, Liebeskind DS, Dusick JR, Mayor F, Saver J Intracranial arterial stenoses: current viewpoints, novel approaches, and surgical perspectives. Neurosurg Rev. 2013 Apr;36(2):175-84; discussion 184-5. doi: 10.1007/s10143-012-0432-z. Epub 2012 Oct 25. Review.
EDAS (Surgical) Revascularization for Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
