Irritant Contact Dermatitis — Regional Differences of Cutaneous Irritation and Its Effect on Skin Barrier Recovery
Citation(s)
Berardesca E, Distante F The modulation of skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis. 1994 Nov;31(5):281-7. Review.
Breternitz M, Flach M, Prässler J, Elsner P, Fluhr JW Acute barrier disruption by adhesive tapes is influenced by pressure, time and anatomical location: integrity and cohesion assessed by sequential tape stripping. A randomized, controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Feb;156(2):231-40.
Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI Cutaneous sodium lauryl sulphate irritation potential: age and regional variability. Br J Dermatol. 1990 Nov;123(5):607-13.
Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI Frictional properties of human skin: relation to age, sex and anatomical region, stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss. Br J Dermatol. 1990 Oct;123(4):473-9.
Darlenski R, Fluhr JW Influence of skin type, race, sex, and anatomic location on epidermal barrier function. Clin Dermatol. 2012 May-Jun;30(3):269-73. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.013.
Emtestam L, Ollmar S Electrical impedance index in human skin: measurements after occlusion, in 5 anatomical regions and in mild irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1993 Feb;28(2):104-8.
Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI Regional variation in percutaneous penetration of 14C cortisol in man. J Invest Dermatol. 1967 Feb;48(2):181-3.
Hadgraft J, Lane ME Transepidermal water loss and skin site: a hypothesis. Int J Pharm. 2009 May 21;373(1-2):1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.02.007. Epub 2009 Feb 21.
Holbrook KA, Odland GF Regional differences in the thickness (cell layers) of the human stratum corneum: an ultrastructural analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 1974 Apr;62(4):415-22.
Kleesz P, Darlenski R, Fluhr JW Full-body skin mapping for six biophysical parameters: baseline values at 16 anatomical sites in 125 human subjects. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;25(1):25-33. doi: 10.1159/000330721. Epub 2011 Sep 7.
Lee CH, Maibach HI The sodium lauryl sulfate model: an overview. Contact Dermatitis. 1995 Jul;33(1):1-7. Review.
Machado M, Salgado TM, Hadgraft J, Lane ME The relationship between transepidermal water loss and skin permeability. Int J Pharm. 2010 Jan 15;384(1-2):73-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.044. Epub 2009 Sep 30.
Magnusson B, Hersle K Patch test methods. II. Regional variations of patch test responses. Acta Derm Venereol. 1965;45(4):257-61.
Rougier A, Lotte C, Maibach HI In vivo percutaneous penetration of some organic compounds related to anatomic site in humans: predictive assessment by the stripping method. J Pharm Sci. 1987 Jun;76(6):451-4.
Schwindt DA, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI Water diffusion characteristics of human stratum corneum at different anatomical sites in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 1998 Sep;111(3):385-9.
Tagami H Location-related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2008 Dec;30(6):413-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00459.x. Review.
Wilhelm KP, Cua AB, Maibach HI Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Dec;127(12):1806-9.
Ya-Xian Z, Suetake T, Tagami H Number of cell layers of the stratum corneum in normal skin - relationship to the anatomical location on the body, age, sex and physical parameters. Arch Dermatol Res. 1999 Oct;291(10):555-9.
Regional Differences of Cutaneous Irritation and Its Effect on Skin Barrier Recovery: A Randomised, Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
