Iodine Deficiency — Iodine Status of the Indigenous Peoples (Karen) Living in Thailand
Citation(s)
Andersson M, Karumbunathan V, Zimmermann MB Global iodine status in 2011 and trends over the past decade. J Nutr. 2012 Apr;142(4):744-50. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.149393. Epub 2012 Feb 29. Erratum In: J Nutr. 2012 Jun;142(6):1128.
Pino S, Fang SL, Braverman LE Ammonium persulfate: a safe alternative oxidizing reagent for measuring urinary iodine. Clin Chem. 1996 Feb;42(2):239-43.
Zimmermann MB, Andersson M GLOBAL ENDOCRINOLOGY: Global perspectives in endocrinology: coverage of iodized salt programs and iodine status in 2020. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Jun 10;185(1):R13-R21. doi: 10.1530/EJE-21-0171.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
