Godfrey S Exercise Testing in Children. London, UK: WB Saunders Company Ltd., 1974.
Kilbride HW, Gelatt MC, Sabath RJ Pulmonary function and exercise capacity for ELBW survivors in preadolescence: effect of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 2003 Oct;143(4):488-93.
Lane RH, Chandorkar AK, Flozak AS, Simmons RA Intrauterine growth retardation alters mitochondrial gene expression and function in fetal and juvenile rat skeletal muscle. Pediatr Res. 1998 May;43(5):563-70.
McConnell AK CrossTalk opposing view: respiratory muscle training does improve exercise tolerance. J Physiol. 2012 Aug 1;590(15):3397-8; discussion 3399-400. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.235572.
Regamey N, Moeller A Paediatric exercise testing. Eur Respir Mon 2010; 47: 291-309
Rosenberg A The IUGR newborn. Semin Perinatol. 2008 Jun;32(3):219-24. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.11.003.
Ross MG, Beall MH Adult sequelae of intrauterine growth restriction. Semin Perinatol. 2008 Jun;32(3):213-8. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.11.005. Review.
Svedenkrans J, Henckel E, Kowalski J, Norman M, Bohlin K Long-term impact of preterm birth on exercise capacity in healthy young men: a national population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 6;8(12):e80869. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080869. eCollection 2013.
Effect of Intrauterine Growth Restriction on Respiratory Muscle Function and Exercise Tolerance in Childhood
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
