Forauer AR, Theoharis CG, Dasika NL Jugular vein catheter placement: histologic features and development of catheter-related (fibrin) sheaths in a swine model. Radiology. 2006 Aug;240(2):427-34. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2402031129.
Hrdy O, Strazevska E, Suk P, Vach R, Karlik R, Jarkovsky J, Sas I, Gal R Central venous catheter-related thrombosis in intensive care patients - incidence and risk factors: A prospective observational study. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2017 Dec;161(4):369-373. doi: 10.5507/bp.2017.034. Epub 2017 Aug 24.
Nm Bhat M, Venkataraman R, Ramakrishnan N, K Abraham B, Rajagopalan S Value of Routine Sonographic Screening of Internal Jugular Vein to Detect Catheter Related Thrombosis in Intensive Care Unit. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2019 Jul;23(7):326-328. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23207. Erratum In: Indian J Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct;23(10):494.
Rooden CJ, Tesselaar ME, Osanto S, Rosendaal FR, Huisman MV Deep vein thrombosis associated with central venous catheters - a review. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Nov;3(11):2409-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01398.x. Epub 2005 Jun 24. No abstract available.
Prospective Cohort Study on Catheter Associated Asymptomatic Thrombosis in Intensive Care Unit
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
