Insulin Resistance — Is There Association Between Vitamin D Levels And Insulin Resistance In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Citation(s)
Adams JS, Hewison M Update in vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;95(2):471-8. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-1773. Review.
Ardabili HR, Gargari BP, Farzadi L Vitamin D supplementation has no effect on insulin resistance assessment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and vitamin D deficiency. Nutr Res. 2012 Mar;32(3):195-201. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.02.001.
Barber TM, Dimitriadis GK, Andreou A, Franks S Polycystic ovary syndrome: insight into pathogenesis and a common association with insulin resistance. Clin Med (Lond). 2016 Jun;16(3):262-6. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.16-3-262.
Boucher BJ, Mannan N, Noonan K, Hales CN, Evans SJ Glucose intolerance and impairment of insulin secretion in relation to vitamin D deficiency in east London Asians. Diabetologia. 1995 Oct;38(10):1239-45.
Campbell MJ, Julious SA, Altman DG Estimating sample sizes for binary, ordered categorical, and continuous outcomes in two group comparisons. BMJ. 1995 Oct 28;311(7013):1145-8. Review. Erratum in: BMJ 1996 Jan 13;312(7023):96.
Carmina E Genetic and environmental aspect of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 Nov;26(11):1151-9. Review.
Dunaif A Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1997 Dec;18(6):774-800. Review.
Fox N, Mathers N Empowering research: statistical power in general practice research. Fam Pract. 1997 Aug;14(4):324-9. Review.
Franks S, Stark J, Hardy K Follicle dynamics and anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update. 2008 Jul-Aug;14(4):367-78. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmn015. Epub 2008 May 22. Review. Erratum in: Hum Reprod Update. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):539.
Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 3;359(1):61-73. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0708473. Review.
He C, Lin Z, Robb SW, Ezeamama AE Serum Vitamin D Levels and Polycystic Ovary syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2015 Jun 8;7(6):4555-77. doi: 10.3390/nu7064555. Review.
Hollis BW Assessment and interpretation of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the clinical environment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;39(2):271-86, table of contents. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.012. Review.
Lin MW, Wu MH The role of vitamin D in polycystic ovary syndrome. Indian J Med Res. 2015 Sep;142(3):238-40. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.166527.
Lobo RA, Carmina E The importance of diagnosing the polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Jun 20;132(12):989-93. Review.
Nestler JE, Reilly ER, Cheang KI, Bachmann LM, Downs RW Jr A pilot study: effects of decreasing serum insulin with diazoxide on vitamin D levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2012;123:209-19; discussion 219-
Nishida C, Ko GT, Kumanyika S Body fat distribution and noncommunicable diseases in populations: overview of the 2008 WHO Expert Consultation on Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan;64(1):2-5. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.139. Epu
Orwoll E, Riddle M, Prince M Effects of vitamin D on insulin and glucagon secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 May;59(5):1083-7.
Thomson RL, Spedding S, Buckley JD Vitamin D in the aetiology and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Sep;77(3):343-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04434.x. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.