Birnie KA, Chorney J, El-Hawary R; PORSCHE Study Group Child and parent pain catastrophizing and pain from presurgery to 6 weeks postsurgery: examination of cross-sectional and longitudinal actor-partner effects. Pain. 2017 Oct;158(10):1886-1892. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000976.
Chieng YJ, Chan WC, Klainin-Yobas P, He HG Perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain in children and adolescents undergoing elective surgical procedures: a quantitative systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2014 Feb;70(2):243-55. doi: 10.1111/jan.12205. Epub 2013 Jul 19. Review.
Pagé MG, Campbell F, Isaac L, Stinson J, Katz J Parental risk factors for the development of pediatric acute and chronic postsurgical pain: a longitudinal study. J Pain Res. 2013 Sep 30;6:727-41. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S51055. eCollection 2013.
Pinto PR, McIntyre T, Nogueira-Silva C, Almeida A, Araújo-Soares V Risk factors for persistent postsurgical pain in women undergoing hysterectomy due to benign causes: a prospective predictive study. J Pain. 2012 Nov;13(11):1045-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.07.014. Epub 2012 Oct 12.
Rabbitts JA, Fisher E, Rosenbloom BN, Palermo TM Prevalence and Predictors of Chronic Postsurgical Pain in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pain. 2017 Jun;18(6):605-614. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.03.007. Epub 2017 Mar 29. Review.
Rabbitts JA, Zhou C, Groenewald CB, Durkin L, Palermo TM Trajectories of postsurgical pain in children: risk factors and impact of late pain recovery on long-term health outcomes after major surgery. Pain. 2015 Nov;156(11):2383-9. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000281.
Anxiety and Chronic Postsurgical Pain Following Ambulatory Surgery in Children
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
