Fasanmade AA, Adedokun OJ, Olson A, Strauss R, Davis HM Serum albumin concentration: a predictive factor of infliximab pharmacokinetics and clinical response in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 May;48(5):297-308.
Halpin SJ, Hamlin PJ, Greer DP, Warren L, Ford AC Efficacy of infliximab in acute severe ulcerative colitis: a single-centre experience. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb 21;19(7):1091-7. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1091.
Nanda KS, Cheifetz AS, Moss AC Impact of antibodies to infliximab on clinical outcomes and serum infliximab levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jan;108(1):40-7; quiz 48. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.363. Epub 2012 Nov 13. Review.
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Takeuchi T, Miyasaka N, Tatsuki Y, Yano T, Yoshinari T, Abe T, Koike T Baseline tumour necrosis factor alpha levels predict the necessity for dose escalation of infliximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Jul;70(7):1208-15. doi: 10.1136/ard.2011.153023. Epub 2011 Apr 8.
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Early Serum Infliximab Levels in Severe Ulcerative Colitis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.