American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society ATS/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Apr 15;171(8):912-30.
Bruch J, Rehn B, Song W, Gono E, Malkusch W Toxicological investigations on silicon carbide. 2. In vitro cell tests and long term injection tests. Br J Ind Med. 1993 Sep;50(9):807-13.
Fell AK, Sikkeland LI, Svendsen MV, Kongerud J Airway inflammation in cement production workers. Occup Environ Med. 2010 Jun;67(6):395-400. doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.047852. Epub 2009 Oct 22.
Sioutas C, Delfino RJ, Singh M Exposure assessment for atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) and implications in epidemiologic research. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Aug;113(8):947-55. Review.
Torén K, Brisman J, Järvholm B Asthma and asthma-like symptoms in adults assessed by questionnaires. A literature review. Chest. 1993 Aug;104(2):600-8. Review.
Exposure to Aerosols and Airway Inflammation Among Workers in the Silicon Carbide Processing Industry
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
