Infertility — The Role of Microsurgery in Surgical Treatment of Varicocele.
Citation(s)
Abdel-Meguid TA, Al-Sayyad A, Tayib A, Farsi HM Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2011 Mar;59(3):455-61. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.008. Epub 2010 Dec 21.
Al-Kandari AM, Shabaan H, Ibrahim HM, Elshebiny YH, Shokeir AA Comparison of outcomes of different varicocelectomy techniques: open inguinal, laparoscopic, and subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Urology. 2007 Mar;69(3):
Cayan S, Shavakhabov S, Kadioglu A Treatment of palpable varicocele in infertile men: a meta-analysis to define the best technique. J Androl. 2009 Jan-Feb;30(1):33-40. doi: 10.2164/jandrol.108.005967. Epub 2008 Sep 4. Review.
Watanabe M, Nagai A, Kusumi N, Tsuboi H, Nasu Y, Kumon H Minimal invasiveness and effectivity of subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a comparative study with retroperitoneal high and laparoscopic approaches. Int J Urol. 2005 Oct;12(10):892-8.
The Role of Microsurgery in Surgical Treatment of Varicocele.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
