Infertility — TNFα and MFG-E8: Novel Biomarkers to Predict Implantation Failure
Citation(s)
Bocca et al Milk fat globule epithelial growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) regulates human endometrial endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation. Fertil Steril 2010, P423.
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Franchi A, Bocca S, Anderson S, Riggs R, Oehninger S Expression of milk fat globule EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8) mRNA and protein in the human endometrium and its regulation by prolactin. Mol Hum Reprod. 2011 Jun;17(6):360-71. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gaq102. Epub 2010 Dec 21.
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Riggs RM, Bocca S, Anderson S, Franchi A, Rhavi BS, Oehninger S Epithelial cell protein milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 and human chorionic gonadotropin regulate stromal cell apoptosis in the human endometrium. Fertil Steril. 2012 Dec;98(6):1549-56.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1127. Epub 2012 Aug 24.
Schmitz C, Yu L, Bocca S, Anderson S, Cunha-Filho JS, Rhavi BS, Oehninger S Role for the endometrial epithelial protein MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin avß3 in human implantation: results of an in vitro trophoblast attachment study using established human cell lines. Fertil Steril. 2014 Mar;101(3):874-82. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.015. Epub 2014 Jan 11.
Yu L, Anderson S, Oehninger S, Bocca S Tumor necrosis factor a up-regulates endometrial milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 protein production via nuclear factor ?B activation, resulting in cell migration of epithelial cells. Fertil Steril. 2014 Feb;101(2):552-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.032. Epub 2013 Nov 18.
TNFα (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) and MFG-E8 (Milk Fat Globule-Epidermal Growth Factor 8): Novel Biomarkers to Predict Implantation Failure
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
