Infant, Premature, Diseases — Esophageal Motility and Airway Defenses Among Infants
Citation(s)
Gupta A, Jadcherla SR The relationship between somatic growth and in vivo esophageal segmental and sphincteric growth in human neonates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Jul;43(1):35-41.
Jadcherla SR, Duong HQ, Hoffmann RG, Shaker R Esophageal body and upper esophageal sphincter motor responses to esophageal provocation during maturation in preterm newborns. J Pediatr. 2003 Jul;143(1):31-8.
Jadcherla SR, Duong HQ, Hofmann C, Hoffmann R, Shaker R Characteristics of upper oesophageal sphincter and oesophageal body during maturation in healthy human neonates compared with adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005 Oct;17(5):663-70.
Jadcherla SR, Hoffmann RG, Shaker R Effect of maturation of the magnitude of mechanosensitive and chemosensitive reflexes in the premature human esophagus. J Pediatr. 2006 Jul;149(1):77-82.
Jadcherla SR Manometric evaluation of esophageal-protective reflexes in infants and children. Am J Med. 2003 Aug 18;115 Suppl 3A:157S-160S.
Esophageal Motility and Airway Defenses Among Infants
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
