Infant, Extremely Premature — Milking the Umbilical Cord for Extreme Preterm Infants
Citation(s)
Hosono S, Mugishima H, Fujita H, Hosono A, Minato M, Okada T, Takahashi S, Harada K Umbilical cord milking reduces the need for red cell transfusions and improves neonatal adaptation in infants born at less than 29 weeks' gestation: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008 Jan;93(1):F14-9. Epub 2007 Jan 18.
Leavitt BG, Huff DL, Bell LA, Thurnau GR Placental drainage of fetal blood at cesarean delivery and feto maternal transfusion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Sep;110(3):608-11.
Rabe H, Reynolds G, Diaz-Rossello J A systematic review and meta-analysis of a brief delay in clamping the umbilical cord of preterm infants. Neonatology. 2008;93(2):138-44. Epub 2007 Sep 21. Review.
Rabe H, Reynolds G, Diaz-Rossello J Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18;(4):CD003248. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;8:CD003248.
Milking the Umbilical Cord for Extreme Preterm Infants
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.