Byron RJ Jr, Osborne PD Dental management of liver transplant patients. Gen Dent. 2005 Jan-Feb;53(1):66-9; quiz 70-2.
Cheung LK, Chow LK, Tsang MH, Tung LK An evaluation of complications following dental extractions using either sterile or clean gloves. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Dec;30(6):550-4.
Cohen D, Galbraith C General health management and long-term care of the renal transplant recipient. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Dec;38(6 Suppl 6):S10-24. Review.
Lockhart PB, Loven B, Brennan MT, Fox PC The evidence base for the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007 Apr;138(4):458-74; quiz 534-5, 437. Review.
Ziebolz D, Hraský V, Goralczyk A, Hornecker E, Obed A, Mausberg RF Dental care and oral health in solid organ transplant recipients: a single center cross-sectional study and survey of German transplant centers. Transpl Int. 2011 Dec;24(12):1179-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01325.x. Epub 2011 Sep 8.
Clinical Outcome of Dental Extractions Among Renal Transplant Recipients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
