Bharti N, Batra YK, Kaur H Paediatric perioperative cardiac arrest and its mortality: database of a 60-month period from a tertiary care paediatric centre. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009 Jun;26(6):490-5. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328323dac0.
Boonmak P, Boonmak S, Pattanittum P High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD006837. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006837.pub2. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD006837.
Bouroche G, Bourgain JL Preoxygenation and general anesthesia: a review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015 Aug;81(8):910-20. Epub 2015 Jun 5. Review.
Bratton DJ, Stradling JR, Barbé F, Kohler M Effect of CPAP on blood pressure in patients with minimally symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis using individual patient data from four randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2014 Dec;69(12):1128-35. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204993. Epub 2014 Jun 19.
Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2638-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281. Review.
Ehsan Z, Mahmoud M, Shott SR, Amin RS, Ishman SL The effects of anesthesia and opioids on the upper airway: A systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2016 Jan;126(1):270-84. doi: 10.1002/lary.25399. Epub 2015 Jul 21. Review.
Faria DA, da Silva EM, Atallah ÁN, Vital FM Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure following upper abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 5;(10):CD009134. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009134.pub2. Review.
Harless J, Ramaiah R, Bhananker SM Pediatric airway management. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014 Jan;4(1):65-70. doi: 10.4103/2229-5151.128015.
Hedenstierna G, Edmark L Effects of anesthesia on the respiratory system. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2015 Sep;29(3):273-84. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2015.08.008. Epub 2015 Sep 18. Review.
Iftikhar IH, Khan MF, Das A, Magalang UJ Meta-analysis: continuous positive airway pressure improves insulin resistance in patients with sleep apnea without diabetes. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Apr;10(2):115-20. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201209-081OC. Review. Erratum in: Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Jun;10(3):279.
Jat KR, Mathew JL Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute bronchiolitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 7;1:CD010473. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010473.pub2. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 31;1:CD010473.
Long E, Sabato S, Babl FE Endotracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014 Dec;24(12):1204-11. doi: 10.1111/pan.12490. Epub 2014 Jul 15.
Nimmagadda U, Salem MR, Crystal GJ Preoxygenation: Physiologic Basis, Benefits, and Potential Risks. Anesth Analg. 2017 Feb;124(2):507-517. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001589. Review.
Park JH, Kim JY, Lee JM, Kim YH, Jeong HW, Kil HK Manual vs. pressure-controlled facemask ventilation for anaesthetic induction in paralysed children: a randomised controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016 Sep;60(8):1075-83. doi: 10.1111/aas.12737. Epub 2016 Apr 24.
Pradhapan P, Swaminathan M, Salila Vijayalal Mohan HK, Sriraam N Identification of apnea during respiratory monitoring using support vector machine classifier: a pilot study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2013 Apr;27(2):179-85. doi: 10.1007/s10877-012-9411-8. Epub 2012 Nov 21.
Roy WL, Lerman J Laryngospasm in paediatric anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 1988 Jan;35(1):93-8. Review.
Saklad M Grading of patients for surgical procedures. Anesthesiology. 1941;2(3):281-284
Simon BA, Kaczka DW, Bankier AA, Parraga G What can computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging tell us about ventilation? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Aug 15;113(4):647-57. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00353.2012. Epub 2012 May 31. Review.
Sreejit MS, Ramkumar V Effect of positive airway pressure during pre-oxygenation and induction of anaesthesia upon safe duration of apnoea. Indian J Anaesth. 2015 Apr;59(4):216-21. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.154998.
Wang J, Yu W, Gao M, Zhang F, Li Q, Gu C, Yu Y, Wei Y Continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces cardiovascular death and non-fatal cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A meta-analysis of 11 studies. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Jul 15;191:128-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.003. Epub 2015 May 5.
Wilson PT, Morris MC, Biagas KV, Otupiri E, Moresky RT A randomized clinical trial evaluating nasal continuous positive airway pressure for acute respiratory distress in a developing country. J Pediatr. 2013 May;162(5):988-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.022. Epub 2012 Nov 16.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.