Hypotension — Up-Down Determination of the ED90 of Metaraminol to Treat Hypotension During Cesarean Section
Citation(s)
Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology. 2001 Aug;95(2):307-13.
Ngan Kee WD, Lee A Multivariate analysis of factors associated with umbilical arterial pH and standard base excess after Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2003 Feb;58(2):125-30.
Pace NL, Stylianou MP Advances in and limitations of up-and-down methodology: a précis of clinical use, study design, and dose estimation in anesthesia research. Anesthesiology. 2007 Jul;107(1):144-52. Review.
Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes RK, Carvalho JC ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent spinal-induced hypotension and/or nausea at elective cesarean delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2009 Apr;18(2):125-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2008.09.008. Epub 2009 Jan 21.
Up-Down Determination of the ED90 of Metaraminol to Treat Hypotension During Elective Cesarean Section
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
