Hypospadias — Glans Size in Hypospadias Compared to Normal
Citation(s)
Asgari SA, Safarinejad MR, Poorreza F, Asl AS, Ghanaie MM, Shahab E The effect of parenteral testosterone administration prior to hypospadias surgery: A prospective, randomized and controlled study. J Pediatr Urol. 2015 Jun;11(3):143.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.12.014. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
Babu R, Chakravarthi S The role of preoperative intra muscular testosterone in improving functional and cosmetic outcomes following hypospadias repair: A prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Urol. 2018 Feb;14(1):29.e1-29.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.07.009. Epub 2017 Aug 12.
Babu R Glans meatus proportion in hypospadias versus normal: does marking reference points impact outcome? J Pediatr Urol. 2014 Jun;10(3):459-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.11.008. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
Bush NC, DaJusta D, Snodgrass WT Glans penis width in patients with hypospadias compared to healthy controls. J Pediatr Urol. 2013 Dec;9(6 Pt B):1188-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.05.004. Epub 2013 Jun 12.
Bush NC, Villanueva C, Snodgrass W Glans size is an independent risk factor for urethroplasty complications after hypospadias repair. J Pediatr Urol. 2015 Dec;11(6):355.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2015.05.029. Epub 2015 Aug 13.
Malik RD, Liu DB Survey of pediatric urologists on the preoperative use of testosterone in the surgical correction of hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol. 2014 Oct;10(5):840-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.02.008. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
Puri A, Sikdar S, Prakash R Pediatric Penile and Glans Anthropometry Nomograms: An Aid in Hypospadias Management. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 2017 Jan-Mar;22(1):9-12. doi: 10.4103/0971-9261.194610.
Rynja SP, de Jong TPVM, Bosch JLHR, de Kort LMO Testosterone prior to hypospadias repair: Postoperative complication rates and long-term cosmetic results, penile length and body height. J Pediatr Urol. 2018 Feb;14(1):31.e1-31.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.09.020. Epub 2017 Oct 27.
Van Praet C, Spinoit AF Testosterone prior to hypospadias repair: No clear-cut benefit or reassurance regarding long-term safety. J Pediatr Urol. 2018 Feb;14(1):85-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.11.006. Epub 2017 Nov 27. No abstract available.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
