Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism — Baselines in Reproductive Disorders
Citation(s)
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Crowley WF, Taylor AE, Martin KA, Whitcomb RW, Finkelstein JS, Hall JE 1994 Use of the free alpha subunit (FAS) of glycoprotein secreting hormones as a surrogate marker of GnRH secretion in the human. In: Glycoprotein Hormones: Structure, Function and Clinical Implications. JW Lusbader, LD Puett, R Ruddon (eds), Serono Symposia, UAS pp. 253-63.
Filicori M, Flamigni C, Crowley WF, Jr The critical role of blood sampling frequency in the estimation of episodic luteinizing hormone secretion in normal women. In: Crowley Jr WF, Hofler JG (eds) The Episodic Secretion of Hormones. New York: Churchill Livingston.5-13, 1987.
Hall JE, Lavoie HB, Marsh EE, Martin KA Decrease in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency with aging in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 May;85(5):1794-800.
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Hall JE, Whitcomb RW, Rivier JE, Vale WW, Crowley WF Jr Differential regulation of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and free alpha-subunit secretion from the gonadotrope by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): evidence from the use of two GnRH antagonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Feb;70(2):328-35.
Hayes FJ, McNicholl DJ, Schoenfeld D, Marsh EE, Hall JE Free alpha-subunit is superior to luteinizing hormone as a marker of gonadotropin-releasing hormone despite desensitization at fast pulse frequencies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar;84(3):1028-36.
Kourides IA, Weintraub BD, Re RN, Ridgway EC, Maloof F Thyroid hormone, oestrogen, and glucocorticoid effects on two different pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit pools. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1978 Dec;9(6):535-42.
Nett TM, Adams TE Further studies on the radioimmunoassay of gonadotropin-releasing hormone: effect of radioiodination, antiserum and unextracted serum on levels of immunoreactivity in serum. Endocrinology. 1977 Oct;101(4):1135-44.
Perkins RB, Hall JE, Martin KA Neuroendocrine abnormalities in hypothalamic amenorrhea: spectrum, stability, and response to neurotransmitter modulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jun;84(6):1905-11.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
