Hypertension — INTERSALT: International Study of Sodium, Potassium, and Blood Pressure
Citation(s)
Alderman M Intersalt data. Data linking sodium intake to subsequent morbid and fatal outcomes must be studied. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):484-5; author reply 487.
Davey Smith G, Phillips AN Intersalt data. Correction for regression dilution bias in Intersalt study was misleading. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):485-6; author reply 487.
Day NE Intersalt data. Epidemiological studies should be designed to reduce correction needed for measurement error to a minimum. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):485; author reply 487.
Dyer A, Elliott P, Chee D, Stamler J Urinary biochemical markers of dietary intake in the INTERSALT study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Apr;65(4 Suppl):1246S-1253S. Review.
Dyer AR, Elliott P, Marmot M, Kesteloot H, Stamler R, Stamler J Commentary: strength and importance of the relation of dietary salt to blood pressure. Intersalt Steering and Editorial Committee. BMJ. 1996 Jun 29;312(7047):1661-4. Erratum in: BMJ 1996 Jul 27;313(7051):222.
Dyer AR, Elliott P, Shipley M Body mass index versus height and weight in relation to blood pressure. Findings for the 10,079 persons in the INTERSALT Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Apr;131(4):589-96.
Dyer AR, Elliott P The INTERSALT study: relations of body mass index to blood pressure. INTERSALT Co-operative Research Group. J Hum Hypertens. 1989 Oct;3(5):299-308.
Elliott P, Dyer A, Stamler R The INTERSALT study: results for 24 hour sodium and potassium, by age and sex. INTERSALT Co-operative Research Group. J Hum Hypertens. 1989 Oct;3(5):323-30.
Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer AR, Stamler R, Kesteloot H, Marmot M Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. BMJ. 1996 May 18;312(7041):1249-53. Erratum in: BMJ 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):458.
Elliott P, Stamler R Manual of operations for "INTERSALT", an international cooperative study on the relation of sodium and potassium to blood pressure. Control Clin Trials. 1988 Jun;9(2 Suppl):1S-117S.
Elliott P The INTERSALT study: an addition to the evidence on salt and blood pressure, and some implications. J Hum Hypertens. 1989 Oct;3(5):289-98. Review.
Grimm RH Intersalt data. Collaborative efforts must be made to reduce sodium in diet. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):487.
Hanneman RL Intersalt: hypertension rise with age revisited. BMJ. 1996 May 18;312(7041):1283-4; discussion 1284-7.
Le Fanu J Intersalt data. Cross cultural studies such as Intersalt study cannot be used to infer causality. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):484; author reply 487.
Liebman BF, Jacobson MF Intersalt data. Sodium contents of restaurant foods in United States are high. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):488.
Macnair A Intersalt data. Conclusions drawn in paper "revisiting" Intersalt data are of questionable validity. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):485; author reply 487.
Rennolls K Intersalt data. Science demands data sharing. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):486-7.
Rose G, Stamler J The INTERSALT study: background, methods and main results. INTERSALT Co-operative Research Group. J Hum Hypertens. 1989 Oct;3(5):283-8.
Stamler J, Elliott P, Kesteloot H, Nichols R, Claeys G, Dyer AR, Stamler R Inverse relation of dietary protein markers with blood pressure. Findings for 10,020 men and women in the INTERSALT Study. INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. INTERnational study of SALT and blood pressure. Circulation. 1996 Oct 1;94(7):1629-34.
Stamler R Implications of the INTERSALT study. Hypertension. 1991 Jan;17(1 Suppl):I16-20.
Watt G, Hart JT Intersalt data. Slow decremental change in dietary sodium load in whole populations is needed. BMJ. 1997 Aug 23;315(7106):486; author reply 487.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.