Hypertension — Epidemiology of Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (Washington, DC Dilated Cardiomyopathy Study)
Citation(s)
Benton RE, Coughlin SS, Tefft MC Predictors of coronary angiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: the Washington, DC Dilated Cardiomyopathy Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994 May;47(5):501-11.
Coughlin SS, Beauchamp TL Ethics, scientific validity, and the design of epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology. 1992 Jul;3(4):343-7. Review.
Coughlin SS, Labenberg JR, Tefft MC Black-white differences in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: the Washington DC dilated Cardiomyopathy Study. Epidemiology. 1993 Mar;4(2):165-72.
Coughlin SS, Myers L, Michaels RK What explains black-white differences in survival in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy? The Washington, DC, Dilated Cardiomyopathy Study. J Natl Med Assoc. 1997 Apr;89(4):277-82.
Coughlin SS, Nass CC, Pickle LW, Trock B, Bunin G Regression methods for estimating attributable risk in population-based case-control studies: a comparison of additive and multiplicative models. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Feb 1;133(3):305-13.
Coughlin SS, Neaton JD, Sengupta A, Kuller LH Predictors of mortality from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 356,222 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jan 15;139(2):166-72.
Coughlin SS, Pickle LW Sensitivity and specificity-like measures of the validity of a diagnostic test that are corrected for chance agreement. Epidemiology. 1992 Mar;3(2):178-81.
Coughlin SS, Tefft MC The epidemiology of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in women: the Washington DC Dilated Cardiomyopathy Study. Epidemiology. 1994 Jul;5(4):449-55.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
