Hypertension — Sodium Transport: Genetics and Hypertension
Citation(s)
Boerwinkle E, Chakraborty R, Sing CF The use of measured genotype information in the analysis of quantitative phenotypes in man. I. Models and analytical methods. Ann Hum Genet. 1986 May;50(Pt 2):181-94.
Boerwinkle E, Turner ST, Sing CF The role of the genetics of sodium lithium countertransport in the determination of blood pressure variability in the population at large. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1984;165:479-507.
Kaprio J, Ferrell RE, Kottke BA, Kamboh MI, Sing CF Effects of polymorphisms in apolipoproteins E, A-IV, and H on quantitative traits related to risk for cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991 Sep-Oct;11(5):1330-48.
Kardia SL, Sing CF, Turner ST The response of renal plasma flow to angiotensin II infusion in a population-based sample and its association with the parental history of essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1997 May;15(5):483-93.
Kwon JM, Boehnke M, Burns TL, Moll PP Commingling and segregation analyses: comparison of results from a simulation study of a quantitative trait. Genet Epidemiol. 1990;7(1):57-68.
Pérusse L, Moll PP, Sing CF Evidence that a single gene with gender- and age-dependent effects influences systolic blood pressure determination in a population-based sample. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Jul;49(1):94-105.
Rebbeck TR, Turner ST, Michels VV, Moll PP Genetic and environmental explanations for the distribution of sodium-lithium countertransport in pedigrees from Rochester, MN. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Jun;48(6):1092-104.
Rebbeck TR, Turner ST, Sing CF Probability of having hypertension: effects of sex, history of hypertension in parents, and other risk factors. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996 Jul;49(7):727-34.
Rebbeck TR, Turner ST, Sing CF Sodium-lithium countertransport genotype and the probability of hypertension in adults. Hypertension. 1993 Oct;22(4):560-8.
Reilly SL, Ferrell RE, Kottke BA, Kamboh MI, Sing CF The gender-specific apolipoprotein E genotype influence on the distribution of lipids and apolipoproteins in the population of Rochester, MN. I. Pleiotropic effects on means and variances. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Dec;49(6):1155-66. Erratum in: Am J Hum Genet 1992 Oct;51(4):942.
Reilly SL, Ferrell RE, Kottke BA, Sing CF The gender-specific apolipoprotein E genotype influence on the distribution of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. II. Regression relationships with concomitants. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Dec;51(6):1311-24.
Reilly SL, Kottke BA, Sing CF The effects of generation and gender on the joint distributions of lipid and apolipoprotein phenotypes in the population at large. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43(9):921-40.
Reilly SL, Sing CF, Savageau MA, Turner ST Analysis of systems influencing renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion. I. Biochemical systems theory. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1994 Jan-Mar;29(1):55-73.
Schwartz GL, Turner ST, Sing CF Association of genetic variation with interindividual variation in ambulatory blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1996 Feb;14(2):251-8.
Schwartz GL, Turner ST, Sing CF Twenty-four-hour blood pressure profiles in normotensive sons of hypertensive parents. Hypertension. 1992 Dec;20(6):834-40.
Sing CF, Haviland MB, Templeton AR, Zerba KE, Reilly SL Biological complexity and strategies for finding DNA variations responsible for inter-individual variation in risk of a common chronic disease, coronary artery disease. Ann Med. 1992 Dec;24(6):539-47. Review.
Sing CF, Moll PP Genetics of atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Genet. 1990;24:171-87. Review.
Stengård JH, Zerba KE, Turner ST, Sing CF A biometrical study of the relationship between sodium-lithium countertransport and triglycerides. Ann Hum Genet. 1997 Mar;61(Pt 2):121-36.
Turner ST, Fairbanks VF Is measurement of erythrocyte Na+ influx useful for ascertainment of essential hypertension? Mayo Clin Proc. 1984 Jul;59(7):506-8.
Turner ST, Michels VV Sodium-lithium countertransport and hypertension in Rochester, Minnesota. Hypertension. 1991 Aug;18(2):183-90.
Turner ST, Rebbeck TR, Sing CF Sodium-lithium countertransport and probability of hypertension in Caucasians 47 to 89 years old. Hypertension. 1992 Dec;20(6):841-50.
Turner ST, Reilly SL Fallacy of indexing renal and systemic hemodynamic measurements for body surface area. Am J Physiol. 1995 Apr;268(4 Pt 2):R978-88.
Turner ST, Reilly SL Renal sodium excretion in sons of hypertensive parents. Hypertension. 1993 Sep;22(3):323-30.
Turner ST, Sing CF Erythrocyte sodium transport and the probability of having hypertension. J Hypertens. 1996 Jul;14(7):829-37.
Zerba KE, Friedlaender JS, Sing CF Heterogeneity of the blood pressure distribution among Solomon Islands societies with increasing acculturation. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1990 Apr;81(4):493-511.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
