Connell P, Wolfe C, McKevitt C Preventing stroke: a narrative review of community interventions for improving hypertension control in black adults. Health Soc Care Community. 2008 Mar;16(2):165-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00737.x. Review.
Dye CJ, Williams JE, Evatt JH Improving hypertension self-management with community health coaches. Health Promot Pract. 2015 Mar;16(2):271-81. doi: 10.1177/1524839914533797. Epub 2014 May 16.
Egan BM, Li J, Hutchison FN, Ferdinand KC Hypertension in the United States, 1999 to 2012: progress toward Healthy People 2020 goals. Circulation. 2014 Nov 4;130(19):1692-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010676. Epub 2014 Oct 20.
Jackson EJ, Parks CP Recruitment and training issues from selected lay health advisor programs among African Americans: a 20-year perspective. Health Educ Behav. 1997 Aug;24(4):418-31. Review.
Krieger J, Collier C, Song L, Martin D Linking community-based blood pressure measurement to clinical care: a randomized controlled trial of outreach and tracking by community health workers. Am J Public Health. 1999 Jun;89(6):856-61.
Margolius D, Wong J, Goldman ML, Rouse-Iniguez J, Bodenheimer T Delegating responsibility from clinicians to nonprofessional personnel: the example of hypertension control. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012 Mar-Apr;25(2):209-15. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2012.02.100279.
Mercuri M, Sherbino J, Sedran RJ, Frank JR, Gafni A, Norman G When guidelines don't guide: the effect of patient context on management decisions based on clinical practice guidelines. Acad Med. 2015 Feb;90(2):191-6. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000542.
Wong K, Smalarz A, Wu N, Boulanger L, Wogen J The association between hypertension-specific care management processes and blood pressure outcomes in US-based physician organizations. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2011 Nov-Dec;5(6):505-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.08.002. Epub 2011 Oct 1.
Using Lay Health Advisors to Help African Americans Address the Social Context of Hypertension Management
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
