Chobanian AV Control of hypertension--an important national priority. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 16;345(7):534-5.
Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 16;345(7):479-86. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2002 Feb 14;346(7):544.
Neaton JD, Wentworth D Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Jan;152(1):56-64.
Wilkinson IB, Webb Christison DJ, Cockcroft JR Isolated systolic hypertension: a radical rethink. It's a risk factor that needs treatment, especially in the over 50s. BMJ. 2000 Jun 24;320(7251):1685.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
