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Dekkers JC, Treiber FA, Kapuku G, Snieder H Differential influence of family history of hypertension and premature myocardial infarction on systolic blood pressure and left ventricular mass trajectories in youth. Pediatrics. 2003 Jun;111(6 Pt 1):1387-93.
Gutin B, Litaker M, Islam S, Manos T, Smith C, Treiber F Body-composition measurement in 9-11-y-old children by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, skinfold-thickness measurements, and bioimpedance analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Mar;63(3):287-92.
Gutin B, Treiber F, Owens S, Mensah GA Relations of body composition to left ventricular geometry and function in children. J Pediatr. 1998 Jun;132(6):1023-7.
Moore DB, Howell PB, Treiber FA Adiposity changes in youth with a family history of cardiovascular disease: impact of ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic status. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys. 2002 Jul;13(3):76-83.
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Musante L, Treiber FA The relationship between anger-coping styles and lifestyle behaviors in teenagers. J Adolesc Health. 2000 Jul;27(1):63-8.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
