Bartley M, Martikainen P, Shipley M, Marmot M Gender differences in the relationship of partner's social class to behavioural risk factors and social support in the Whitehall II study. Soc Sci Med. 2004 Nov;59(9):1925-36.
Bosma H, Peter R, Siegrist J, Marmot M Two alternative job stress models and the risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Public Health. 1998 Jan;88(1):68-74.
Bosma H, Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG Job control, personal characteristics, and heart disease. J Occup Health Psychol. 1998 Oct;3(4):402-9.
Britton A, Marmot M Different measures of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality: 11-year follow-up of the Whitehall II Cohort Study. Addiction. 2004 Jan;99(1):109-16.
Britton A, Shipley M, Marmot M, Hemingway H Does access to cardiac investigation and treatment contribute to social and ethnic differences in coronary heart disease? Whitehall II prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2004 Aug 7;329(7461):318. Epub 2004 Jul 5.
Britton A, Singh-Manoux A, Marmot M Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in the Whitehall II Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Aug 1;160(3):240-7.
Brunner E, Shipley MJ, Blane D, Smith GD, Marmot MG When does cardiovascular risk start? Past and present socioeconomic circumstances and risk factors in adulthood. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Dec;53(12):757-64.
Brunner E, Stallone D, Juneja M, Bingham S, Marmot M Dietary assessment in Whitehall II: comparison of 7 d diet diary and food-frequency questionnaire and validity against biomarkers. Br J Nutr. 2001 Sep;86(3):405-14.
Brunner EJ, Wunsch H, Marmot MG What is an optimal diet? Relationship of macronutrient intake to obesity, glucose tolerance, lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the metabolic syndrome in the Whitehall II study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Jan;25(1):45-53.
Carroll D, Davey Smith G, Sheffield D, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG The relationship between socioeconomic status, hostility, and blood pressure reactions to mental stress in men: data from the Whitehall II study. Health Psychol. 1997 Mar;16(2):131-6.
Carroll D, Smith GD, Sheffield D, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG Pressor reactions to psychological stress and prediction of future blood pressure: data from the Whitehall II Study. BMJ. 1995 Mar 25;310(6982):771-6. Erratum in: BMJ 1995 May 6;310(6988):1164.
Chandola T, Kuper H, Singh-Manoux A, Bartley M, Marmot M The effect of control at home on CHD events in the Whitehall II study: Gender differences in psychosocial domestic pathways to social inequalities in CHD. Soc Sci Med. 2004 Apr;58(8):1501-9.
Chandola T, Siegrist J, Marmot M Do changes in effort-reward imbalance at work contribute to an explanation of the social gradient in angina? Occup Environ Med. 2005 Apr;62(4):223-30.
Dykes J, Brunner EJ, Martikainen PT, Wardle J Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger in the Whitehall II study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Feb;28(2):262-8.
Feeney A, North F, Head J, Canner R, Marmot M Socioeconomic and sex differentials in reason for sickness absence from the Whitehall II Study. Occup Environ Med. 1998 Feb;55(2):91-8.
Ferrie JE, Martikainen P, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG Self-reported economic difficulties and coronary events in men: evidence from the Whitehall II study. Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Jun;34(3):640-8. Epub 2005 Apr 14.
Ferrie JE, Shipley MJ, Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG Effects of chronic job insecurity and change in job security on self reported health, minor psychiatric morbidity, physiological measures, and health related behaviours in British civil servants: the Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002 Jun;56(6):450-4.
Fuhrer R, Head J, Marmot MG Social position, age, and memory performance in the Whitehall II Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:359-62.
Fuhrer R, Stansfeld SA, Chemali J, Shipley MJ Gender, social relations and mental health: prospective findings from an occupational cohort (Whitehall II study). Soc Sci Med. 1999 Jan;48(1):77-87.
Fuhrer R, Stansfeld SA How gender affects patterns of social relations and their impact on health: a comparison of one or multiple sources of support from "close persons". Soc Sci Med. 2002 Mar;54(5):811-25.
Griffin JM, Fuhrer R, Stansfeld SA, Marmot M The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: do these effects vary by gender and social class? Soc Sci Med. 2002 Mar;54(5):783-98.
Head J, Stansfeld SA, Siegrist J The psychosocial work environment and alcohol dependence: a prospective study. Occup Environ Med. 2004 Mar;61(3):219-24.
Hemingway H, Marmot M Evidence based cardiology: psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 1999 May 29;318(7196):1460-7. Review.
Hemingway H, Shipley MJ, Stansfeld S, Marmot M Sickness absence from back pain, psychosocial work characteristics and employment grade among office workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997 Apr;23(2):121-9.
Kumari M, Brunner E, Fuhrer R Minireview: mechanisms by which the metabolic syndrome and diabetes impair memory. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 May;55(5):B228-32. Review.
Kumari M, Head J, Marmot M Prospective study of social and other risk factors for incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Whitehall II study. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Sep 27;164(17):1873-80.
Kumari M, Marmot M, Brunner E Social determinants of von willebrand factor: the Whitehall II study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Jul;20(7):1842-7.
Kumari M, Marmot M, Rumley A, Lowe G Social, behavioral, and metabolic determinants of plasma viscosity in the Whitehall II Study. Ann Epidemiol. 2005 May;15(5):398-404.
Kumari M, Seeman T, Marmot M Biological predictors of change in functioning in the Whitehall II study. Ann Epidemiol. 2004 Apr;14(4):250-7.
Kunz-Ebrecht SR, Kirschbaum C, Marmot M, Steptoe A Differences in cortisol awakening response on work days and weekends in women and men from the Whitehall II cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 May;29(4):516-28.
Kuper H, Marmot M Intimations of mortality: perceived age of leaving middle age as a predictor of future health outcomes within the Whitehall II study. Age Ageing. 2003 Mar;32(2):178-84.
Kuper H, Marmot M Job strain, job demands, decision latitude, and risk of coronary heart disease within the Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Feb;57(2):147-53.
Langenberg C, Shipley MJ, Batty GD, Marmot MG Adult socioeconomic position and the association between height and coronary heart disease mortality: findings from 33 years of follow-up in the Whitehall Study. Am J Public Health. 2005 Apr;95(4):628-32.
Marmot M, Brunner E Cohort Profile: the Whitehall II study. Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Apr;34(2):251-6. Epub 2004 Dec 2.
Marmot M, Feeney A, Shipley M, North F, Syme SL Sickness absence as a measure of health status and functioning: from the UK Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995 Apr;49(2):124-30.
Marmot M, Shipley M, Brunner E, Hemingway H Relative contribution of early life and adult socioeconomic factors to adult morbidity in the Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001 May;55(5):301-7.
Marmot M Social determinants of health: from observation to policy. Med J Aust. 2000 Apr 17;172(8):379-82. Review.
Martikainen P, Brunner E, Marmot M Socioeconomic differences in dietary patterns among middle-aged men and women. Soc Sci Med. 2003 Apr;56(7):1397-410.
Martikainen PT, Marmot MG Socioeconomic differences in weight gain and determinants and consequences of coronary risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):719-26.
Mein G, Martikainen P, Hemingway H, Stansfeld S, Marmot M Is retirement good or bad for mental and physical health functioning? Whitehall II longitudinal study of civil servants. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Jan;57(1):46-9.
Nicholson A, White IR, Macfarlane P, Brunner E, Marmot M Rose questionnaire angina in younger men and women: gender differences in the relationship to cardiovascular risk factors and other reported symptoms. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999 Apr;52(4):337-46.
North FM, Syme SL, Feeney A, Shipley M, Marmot M Psychosocial work environment and sickness absence among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study. Am J Public Health. 1996 Mar;86(3):332-40. Erratum in: Am J Public Health 1996 Aug;86(8 Pt 1):1093.
Roberts R, Brunner E, Marmot M Psychological factors in the relationship between alcohol and cardiovascular morbidity. Soc Sci Med. 1995 Dec;41(11):1513-6.
Roberts R, Brunner E, White I, Marmot M Gender differences in occupational mobility and structure of employment in the British Civil Service. Soc Sci Med. 1993 Dec;37(12):1415-25.
Singh-Manoux A, Adler NE, Marmot MG Subjective social status: its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II study. Soc Sci Med. 2003 Mar;56(6):1321-33.
Singh-Manoux A, Britton AR, Marmot M Vascular disease and cognitive function: evidence from the Whitehall II Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Oct;51(10):1445-50.
Singh-Manoux A, Clarke P, Marmot M Multiple measures of socio-economic position and psychosocial health: proximal and distal measures. Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Dec;31(6):1192-9; discussion 1199-200.
Singh-Manoux A, Ferrie JE, Chandola T, Marmot M Socioeconomic trajectories across the life course and health outcomes in midlife: evidence for the accumulation hypothesis? Int J Epidemiol. 2004 Oct;33(5):1072-9. Epub 2004 Jul 15.
Singh-Manoux A, Ferrie JE, Lynch JW, Marmot M The role of cognitive ability (intelligence) in explaining the association between socioeconomic position and health: evidence from the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 May 1;161(9):831-9.
Singh-Manoux A, Richards M, Marmot M Leisure activities and cognitive function in middle age: evidence from the Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Nov;57(11):907-13.
Stafford M, Bartley M, Mitchell R, Marmot M Characteristics of individuals and characteristics of areas: investigating their influence on health in the Whitehall II study. Health Place. 2001 Jun;7(2):117-29.
Stafford M, Hemingway H, Marmot M Current obesity, steady weight change and weight fluctuation as predictors of physical functioning in middle aged office workers: the Whitehall II Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Jan;22(1):23-31.
Stafford M, Martikainen P, Lahelma E, Marmot M Neighbourhoods and self rated health: a comparison of public sector employees in London and Helsinki. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004 Sep;58(9):772-8.
Stallone DD, Brunner EJ, Bingham SA, Marmot MG Dietary assessment in Whitehall II: the influence of reporting bias on apparent socioeconomic variation in nutrient intakes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Dec;51(12):815-25.
Stansfeld S, Head J, Ferrie J Short-term disability, sickness absence, and social gradients in the Whitehall II Study. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1999 Sep-Dec;22(5-6):425-39.
Stansfeld S, Marmot M Deriving a survey measure of social support: the reliability and validity of the Close Persons Questionnaire. Soc Sci Med. 1992 Oct;35(8):1027-35.
Stansfeld SA, Bosma H, Hemingway H, Marmot MG Psychosocial work characteristics and social support as predictors of SF-36 health functioning: the Whitehall II study. Psychosom Med. 1998 May-Jun;60(3):247-55.
Stansfeld SA, Fuhrer R, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II Study. Occup Environ Med. 1999 May;56(5):302-7.
Stansfeld SA, Fuhrer R, Shipley MJ Types of social support as predictors of psychiatric morbidity in a cohort of British Civil Servants (Whitehall II Study). Psychol Med. 1998 Jul;28(4):881-92.
Stansfeld SA, Head J, Fuhrer R, Wardle J, Cattell V Social inequalities in depressive symptoms and physical functioning in the Whitehall II study: exploring a common cause explanation. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 May;57(5):361-7.
Stansfeld SA, Head J, Marmot MG Explaining social class differences in depression and well-being. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1998 Jan;33(1):1-9.
Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG Social class and minor psychiatric disorder in British Civil Servants: a validated screening survey using the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med. 1992 Aug;22(3):739-49.
Stansfeld SA, Roberts R, Foot SP Assessing the validity of the SF-36 General Health Survey. Qual Life Res. 1997 Apr;6(3):217-24.
Stansfeld SA, Smith GD, Marmot M Association between physical and psychological morbidity in the Whitehall II Study. J Psychosom Res. 1993 Apr;37(3):227-38.
Steptoe A, Willemsen G The influence of low job control on ambulatory blood pressure and perceived stress over the working day in men and women from the Whitehall II cohort. J Hypertens. 2004 May;22(5):915-20.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.