Schwartz GL, Turner ST Pharmacogenetics of antihypertensive drug responses. Am J Pharmacogenomics. 2004;4(3):151-60. Review.
Schwartz GL, Turner ST Screening for primary aldosteronism in essential hypertension: diagnostic accuracy of the ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity. Clin Chem. 2005 Feb;51(2):386-94.
Turner ST, Boerwinkle E Genetics of blood pressure, hypertensive complications, and antihypertensive drug responses. Pharmacogenomics. 2003 Jan;4(1):53-65. Review.
Turner ST, Boerwinkle E Genetics of hypertension, target-organ complications, and response to therapy. Circulation. 2000 Nov 14;102(20 Suppl 4):IV40-5. Review.
Turner ST, Chapman AB, Schwartz GL, Boerwinkle E Effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, alpha-adducin, and other candidate gene polymorphisms on blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide. Am J Hypertens. 2003 Oct;16(10):834-9.
Turner ST, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E C825T polymorphism of the G protein beta(3)-subunit and antihypertensive response to a thiazide diuretic. Hypertension. 2001 Feb;37(2 Pt 2):739-43.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
