Devereux RB, de Simone G, Roman MJ Relations of left ventricular geometry and function to prognosis in hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;432:1-12. Review.
Devereux RB, Okin PM, Roman MJ Left ventricular hypertrophy as a surrogate end-point in hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1999 Jul-Aug;21(5-6):583-93. Review.
Devereux RB, Okin PM, Roman MJ Pre-clinical cardiovascular disease and surrogate end-points in hypertension: does race influence target organ damage independent of blood pressure? Ethn Dis. 1998;8(2):138-48. Review.
Devereux RB Do antihypertensive drugs differ in their ability to regress left ventricular hypertrophy? Circulation. 1997 Apr 15;95(8):1983-5.
Gerber LM, Schwartz JE, Cedeno-Mero C, Warren K, Pickering TG Association of urinary albumin concentration with casual and ambulatory blood pressure: a similar relationship in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Blood Press Monit. 2001 Oct;6(5):245-51.
Gerin W, Pickering TG Association between delayed recovery of blood pressure after acute mental stress and parental history of hypertension. J Hypertens. 1995 Jun;13(6):603-10.
Hoshide Y, Kario K, Schwartz JE, Hoshide S, Pickering TG, Shimada K Incomplete benefit of antihypertensive therapy on stroke reduction in older hypertensives with abnormal nocturnal blood pressure dipping (extreme-dippers and reverse-dippers). Am J Hypertens. 2002 Oct;15(10 Pt 1):844-50.
James GD, Bovbjerg DH Age and perceived stress independently influence daily blood pressure levels and variation among women employed in wage jobs. Am J Hum Biol. 2001 Mar-Apr;13(2):268-74.
James GD, Toledano T, Datz G, Pickering TG Factors influencing the awake-sleep difference in ambulatory blood pressure: main effects and sex differences. J Hum Hypertens. 1995 Oct;9(10):821-6.
Kario K, James GD, Marion R, Ahmed M, Pickering TG The influence of work- and home-related stress on the levels and diurnal variation of ambulatory blood pressure and neurohumoral factors in employed women. Hypertens Res. 2002 Jul;25(4):499-506.
Kario K, McEwen BS, Pickering TG Disasters and the heart: a review of the effects of earthquake-induced stress on cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res. 2003 May;26(5):355-67. Review.
Kario K, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW, Pickering TG Gender differences in associations of diurnal blood pressure variation, awake physical activity, and sleep quality with negative affect: the work site blood pressure study. Hypertension. 2001 Nov;38(5):997-1002.
Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kligfield P Electrocardiographic identification of increased left ventricular mass by simple voltage-duration products. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Feb;25(2):417-23.
Roman MJ, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE, Pini R, Devereux RB Relation of arterial structure and function to left ventricular geometric patterns in hypertensive adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Sep;28(3):751-6. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 Nov 15;28(6):1642.
Roman MJ, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE, Pini R, Devereux RB Relation of blood pressure variability to carotid atherosclerosis and carotid artery and left ventricular hypertrophy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Sep;21(9):1507-11.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.