Cheng LS, Carmelli D, Hunt SC, Williams RR Evidence for a major gene influencing 7-year increases in diastolic blood pressure with age. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Nov;57(5):1169-77.
Dadone MM, Smith JB, Wu L, Ash KO, Williams RR Preliminary evidence for genetic determination of intraerythrocytic sodium concentration in Utah pedigrees. Am J Med Genet. 1987 May;27(1):39-44.
Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ, Kuida H, Stults BM, Hopkins PN, Williams RR Genetic heritability and common environmental components of resting and stressed blood pressures, lipids, and body mass index in Utah pedigrees and twins. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Mar;129(3):625-38.
Hunt SC, Williams RR, Adams TD Biochemical and anthropometric characterization of morbid obesity in a large Utah pedigree. Obes Res. 1995 Sep;3 Suppl 2:165S-172S.
Hunt SC, Williams RR, Ash KO Changes in sodium-lithium countertransport correlate with changes in triglyceride levels and body mass index over 2 1/2 years of follow-up in Utah. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1990 Mar;4 Suppl 2:357-62.
Hunt SC, Williams RR, Barlow GK A comparison of positive family history definitions for defining risk of future disease. J Chronic Dis. 1986;39(10):809-21. Erratum in: J Chronic Dis 1987;40(4):369.
Hunt SC, Williams RR, Kuida H Different plasma ionized calcium correlations with blood pressure in high and low renin normotensive adults in Utah. Am J Hypertens. 1991 Jan;4(1 Pt 1):1-8.
Hunt SC, Williams RR, Smith JB, Ash KO, Kuida H The relationship of lithium-potassium cotransport and the passive lithium leak to hypertension in Utah subjects. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1985;7(10):1409-26.
Hunt SC, Williams RR, Smith JB, Ash KO Associations of three erythrocyte cation transport systems with plasma lipids in Utah subjects. Hypertension. 1986 Jan;8(1):30-6.
Jorde LB, Williams RR, Hunt SC Lack of association of diagonal earlobe crease with other cardiovascular risk factors. West J Med. 1984 Feb;140(2):220-3.
Jorde LB, Williams RR, Kuida H Factor analysis suggesting contrasting determinants for different blood pressure measurements. Hypertension. 1986 Mar;8(3):243-51.
Jorde LB, Williams RR Innovative blood pressure measurements yield information not reflected by sitting measurements. Hypertension. 1986 Mar;8(3):252-7.
Slattery ML, Schumacher MC, Hunt SC, Williams RR The associations between family history of coronary heart disease, physical activity, dietary intake and body size. Int J Sports Med. 1993 Feb;14(2):93-9.
Williams RR, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Lalouel JM Evidence for single gene contributions to hypertension and lipid disturbances: definition, genetics, and clinical significance. Clin Genet. 1994 Jul;46(1 Spec No):80-7. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
