Hypersplenism — Hypersplenism in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
Citation(s)
Kim G, Cho YZ, Baik SK, Kim MY, Hong WK, Kwon SO The accuracy of ultrasonography for the evaluation of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review. Korean J Radiol. 2015 Mar-Apr;16(2):314-24. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.2.314. Epub 2
McCormick PA, Walker S, Benepal R Hypersplenism is related to age of onset of liver disease. Ir J Med Sci. 2007 Dec;176(4):293-6. Epub 2007 Oct 18.
Orlando R, Lirussi F, Basso SM, Lumachi F Splenomegaly as risk factor of liver cirrhosis. A retrospective cohort study of 2,525 patients who underwent laparoscopy. In Vivo. 2011 Nov-Dec;25(6):1009-12.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
