Hypernatraemia — Do Changes in Plasma Osmolality Influence Ventilation?
Citation(s)
Heenan AP, Wolfe LA Plasma osmolality and the strong ion difference predict respiratory adaptations in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;81(9):839-47.
Jennings DB The physicochemistry of [H+] and respiratory control: roles of PCO2, strong ions, and their hormonal regulators. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994 Dec;72(12):1499-512. Review.
Weissgerber TL, Wolfe LA, Hopkins WG, Davies GA Serial respiratory adaptations and an alternate hypothesis of respiratory control in human pregnancy. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2006 Aug;153(1):39-53. Epub 2005 Nov 28.
Do Plasma Osmolality Changes Influence Ventilation, and Are There Gender Differences?
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
