Hyperkalemia — SZC Versus SPS for Treatment of Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients
Citation(s)
Beccari MV, Meaney CJ Clinical utility of patiromer, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, and sodium polystyrene sulfonate for the treatment of hyperkalemia: an evidence-based review. Core Evid. 2017 Mar 23;12:11-24. doi: 10.2147/CE.S129555. eCollection 2017. Erratum In: Core Evid. 2019 Feb 27;14:1.
Fried L, Kovesdy CP, Palmer BF New options for the management of chronic hyperkalemia. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2017 Dec;7(3):164-170. doi: 10.1016/j.kisu.2017.09.001. Epub 2017 Nov 17.
Hoppe LK, Muhlack DC, Koenig W, Carr PR, Brenner H, Schottker B Association of Abnormal Serum Potassium Levels with Arrhythmias and Cardiovascular Mortality: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2018 Apr;32(2):197-212. doi: 10.1007/s10557-018-6783-0.
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Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate Versus Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate for Treatment of Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
