Hyperglycemia — The Effects of Leucine and Isoleucine on Glucose Metabolism
Citation(s)
Doi M, Yamaoka I, Fukunaga T, Nakayama M Isoleucine, a potent plasma glucose-lowering amino acid, stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Dec 26;312(4):1111-7.
Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ Amino acid ingestion and glucose metabolism--a review. IUBMB Life. 2010 Sep;62(9):660-8. doi: 10.1002/iub.375. Review.
Kalogeropoulou D, Lafave L, Schweim K, Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ Leucine, when ingested with glucose, synergistically stimulates insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose. Metabolism. 2008 Dec;57(12):1747-52. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.09.001.
Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Björck IM Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):996-1004.
Nishitani S, Takehana K, Fujitani S, Sonaka I Branched-chain amino acids improve glucose metabolism in rats with liver cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005 Jun;288(6):G1292-300. Epub 2004 Dec 9.
Nuttall FQ, Schweim KJ, Gannon MC Effect of orally administered phenylalanine with and without glucose on insulin, glucagon and glucose concentrations. Horm Metab Res. 2006 Aug;38(8):518-23.
Yoshizawa F New therapeutic strategy for amino acid medicine: notable functions of branched chain amino acids as biological regulators. J Pharmacol Sci. 2012;118(2):149-55. Epub 2012 Jan 27. Review.
The Effects of Leucine and Isoleucine on Glucose Metabolism
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
