Hydrocephalus — Role of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Management of Malfunctioning Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
Citation(s)
Bilginer B, Oguz KK, Akalan N Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for malfunction in previously shunted infants. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009 Jun;25(6):683-8. doi: 10.1007/s00381-008-0779-1. Epub 2008 Dec 11.
Boschert J, Hellwig D, Krauss JK Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for shunt dysfunction in occlusive hydrocephalus: long-term follow up and review. J Neurosurg. 2003 May;98(5):1032-9. doi: 10.3171/jns.2003.98.5.1032.
Chhun V, Sacko O, Boetto S, Roux FE Third Ventriculocisternostomy for Shunt Failure. World Neurosurg. 2015 Jun;83(6):970-5. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.01.058. Epub 2015 Mar 13.
Irrinki RNNS, Bawa M, Hegde S, Chhabra R, Gupta V, Gupta SK Functional and Radiological Parameters to Assess Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Shunt Failure Patients. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2019 Apr-Jun;14(2):65-69. doi: 10.4103/jpn.JPN_31_19.
Kulkarni AV, Riva-Cambrin J, Browd SR Use of the ETV Success Score to explain the variation in reported endoscopic third ventriculostomy success rates among published case series of childhood hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011 Feb;7(2):143-6. doi: 10.3171/2010.11.PEDS10296.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
