Hospital Stay — Effect of Incentive Spirometer and Pursed Lip Breathing After Whipple Procedure.
Citation(s)
Karim SAM, Abdulla KS, Abdulkarim QH, Rahim FH The outcomes and complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure): Cross sectional study. Int J Surg. 2018 Apr;52:383-387. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.01.041. Epub 2018 Feb 10.
Kotta PA, Ali JM Incentive Spirometry for Prevention of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications After Thoracic Surgery. Respir Care. 2021 Feb;66(2):327-333. doi: 10.4187/respcare.07972. Epub 2020 Aug 25.
Effect of Incentive Spirometer and Pursed Lip Breathing to Improve Dyspnea, Oxygen Saturation and Hospital Stay After Whipple Procedure.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
